Category: Information security

Information security

ISO 27001 Clause 6.1 Actions to address risks and opportunities

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Actions to address risks and opportunities

Overview

ISO/IEC 27001:2013 cares with the design of actions to deal with all kinds of risks and opportunities that are relevant to the ISMS. This includes risk assessment and planning for risk treatment.

The structure of ISO/IEC 27001 subdivides risks into two categories during planning:

  • Risks and opportunities relevant to the intended outcome(s) of the ISMS as a whole;
  • Information security risks that relate to the loss of confidentiality, integrity and availability of data within the scope of the ISMS.

The first category should be handled in accordance with requirements laid out in ISO/IEC 27001:2013 (general). Risks that fall under this category are often risks concerning the ISMS itself, the ISMS scope definition, top management’s commitment to information security, resources for operating the ISMS, etc. Opportunities that fall under this category are often opportunities concerning the outcome(s) of the ISMS, the commercial value of an ISMS, the efficiency of operating ISMS processes and knowledge security controls, etc.The second category consists of all risks that directly relate to the loss of confidentiality, integrity and availability of data within the scope of the ISMS. These risks should be handled in accordance with (information security risk assessment) and (information security risk treatment). Organizations may prefer to use different techniques for every category.

The subdivision of requirements for addressing risks are often explained as follows:

  • It encourages compatibility with other management systems standards for those organizations that have integrated management systems for various aspects like quality, environment and knowledge security;
  • It requires that the organization defines and applies complete and detailed processes for information security risk assessment and treatment;
  • It emphasizes that information security risk management is that the core element of an ISMS. ISO/IEC 27001:2013 uses the expressions ‘determine the risks and opportunities’ and ‘address these risks and opportunities. The word “determine” are often considered to be like the word “assess” utilized in ISO/IEC 27001:2013 (i.e. identify, analyze and evaluate). Similarly, the word “address” are often considered like the word “treat” utilized in ISO/IEC 27001:2013.

When planning for the ISMS, the organization determines the risks and opportunities considering issues mentioned in understanding the organization and its context and requirements mentioned in understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties.

Implementation Guideline

For risks and opportunities relevant to the intended outcome(s) of the ISMS, the organization determines them supported internal and external issues and requirements from interested parties.

Then the organization plans its ISMS to:

  • Make sure that intended outcomes are delivered by the ISMS, e.g. that the knowledge security risks are known to the danger owners and treated to a suitable level;
  • Prevent or reduce undesired effects of risks relevant to the intended outcome(s) of the ISMS;
  • Achieve continual improvement, e.g. through appropriate mechanisms to detect and proper weaknesses within the management processes or taking opportunities for improving information security. Risks connected to a) above might be unclear processes and responsibilities, poor awareness among employees, poor engagement from management, etc. Risks connected to b) above might be poor risk management or poor awareness of risks. Risks connected to c) above might be poor management of the ISMS documentation and processes.

When a corporation pursues opportunities in its activities, these activities then affect the context of the organization (ISO/IEC 27001:2013) or the requirements and expectations of interested parties (ISO/IEC 27001:2013), may change the risks to the organization.

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Information security

ISO 27001 Clause 5.3 and Clause 7.1 Resources and Roles & Responsibility

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Organizational roles, responsibilities and authorities

Required activity

Top management ensures that responsibilities and authorities for roles relevant to information security are assigned and communicated throughout the organization.

Implementation Guideline

Top management ensures that roles and responsibilities also because the necessary authorities relevant to information security are assigned and communicated. The purpose of this requirement is to assign responsibilities and authorities to make sure conformance of the ISMS with the wants of ISO/IEC 27001, and to make sure reporting on the performance of the ISMS to the highest management.Top management should regularly make sure that the responsibilities and authorities for the ISMS are assigned in order that the management system fulfils the wants stated in ISO/IEC 27001. Top management doesn’t get to assign all roles, responsibilities and authorities, but it should adequately delegate authority to do this. Top management should approve major roles, responsibilities and authorities of the ISMS. Responsibilities and authorities associated with information security activities should be assigned.

Activities include:
a) Coordinating the establishment, implementation, maintenance, performance reporting, and improvement of the ISMS;
b) Advising on information security risk assessment and treatment;
c) Designing information security processes and systems;
d) Setting standards concerning determination, configuration and operation of data security controls;
e) Managing information security incidents; and
f) Reviewing and auditing the ISMS.
Beyond the roles specifically associated with information security, relevant information security responsibilities and authorities should be included within other roles.

For instance , information security responsibilities are often incorporated within the roles of:
a) Information owners;
b) Process owners;
c) Asset owners (e.g. application or infrastructure owners);
d) Risk owners;
e) Information security coordinating functions or persons (this particular role is generally a supporting role within the ISMS);
f) Project managers;
g) Line managers;
h) Information users.

Resources

Required activity

The organization determines and provides the resources for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving the ISMS.

Implementation Guideline

Resources are fundamental to perform any quite activity. Categories of resources can include:
a) persons to drive and operate the activities;
b) time to perform activities and time to permit results to calm down before making a replacement step;
c) financial resources to accumulate, develop and implement what’s needed;
d) information to support decisions, measure performance of actions, and improve knowledge; and
e) infrastructure and other means are often acquired or built, like technology, tools and materials, no matter whether or not they are products of data technology or not.
These resources are to be kept aligned with the requirements of the ISMS and hence are to be adapted when required.Click here for continue:- https://www.info-savvy.com/iso-27001-clause-5-3-and-clause-7-1-resources-and-roles-responsibility/

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Information security

ISO 27001 Implementation Guideline Clause 5.2 Policy

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Required activity

Top management establishes an information security policy.

Explanation

The information security policy describes the strategic importance of the ISMS for the organization and is out there as documented information. The policy directs information security activities within the organization.The policy states what the requirements for information security are within the actual context of the organization.The information security policy should contain brief, high level statements of intent and direction concerning information security. It is often specific to the scope of an ISMS or can have wider coverage.

All other policies, procedures, activities and objectives associated with information security should be aligned to the knowledge security policy.The information security policy should reflect the organization’s business situation, culture, issues and concerns concerning information security. The extent of the knowledge security policy should be in accordance with the aim and culture of the organization and will seek a balance between simple reading and completeness. it’s important that users of the policy can identify themselves with the strategic direction of the policy.

The information security policy can either include information security objectives for the organization or describe the framework for a way information security objective are set (i.e. who sets them for the ISMS and the way they ought to be deployed within the scope of the ISMS). for instance , in very large organizations, high level objectives should be set by the highest management of the whole organization, then, consistent with a framework established within the information security policy, the objectives should be detailed during a thanks to provides a sense of direction to all or any interested parties.

The information security policy should contain a transparent statement from the highest management on its commitment to satisfy information security related requirements. The information security policy should contain a transparent statement that top management supports continual improvement altogether activities. it’s important to state this principle within the policy, in order that persons within the scope of the ISMS are conscious of it.The information security policy should be communicated to all or any persons within the scope of the ISMS.Therefore, its format and language should be appropriate in order that it’s easily understandable by all recipients.

Top management should plan to which interested parties the policy should be communicated. the knowledge security policy is often written in such how that it’s possible to speak it to relevant external interested parties outside of the organization. samples of such external interested parties are customers, suppliers, contractors, subcontractors and regulators. If the knowledge security policy is formed available to external interested parties, it shouldn’t include tip.

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Information security

ISO 27001 Implementation Guideline Clause 5.1

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Clause 5.1 Leadership and commitment

Required activity

Implementation for Top management demonstrates leadership and commitment with regard to the ISMS.

Implementation Guideline

Leadership and commitment are essential for an efficient ISMS. Top management is defined (see ISO/IEC 27000) as an individual or group of individuals who directs and controls the organization of the ISMS at the very best level, i.e. top management has the general responsibility for the ISMS. this suggests that top management directs the ISMS during a similar thanks to other areas within the organization, for instance the way budgets are allocated and monitored. Top management can delegate authority within the organization and supply resources for actually performing activities associated with information security and therefore the ISMS, but it still retains overall responsibility.As an example, the organization implementing and operating the ISMS are often a business unit within a bigger organization. during this case, top management is that the person or group of individuals that directs and controls that business unit. Top management also participates in management review and promotes continual improvement.

Top management should provide leadership and show commitment through the following:

a) Top management should make sure that the knowledge security policy and therefore the information security objectives are established and are compatible with the strategic direction of the organization;
b) Top management should make sure that ISMS requirements and controls are integrated into the organization’s processes. How this is often achieved should be tailored to the precise context of the organization. for instance, a corporation that has designated process owners can delegate the responsibility to implement applicable requirements to those persons or group of individuals. Top management support also can be needed to beat organizational resistance to changes in processes and controls;
c) Top management should make sure the availability of resources for an efficient ISMS. The resources are needed for the establishment of the ISMS, its implementation, maintenance and improvement, as well as for implementing information security controls.
Resources needed for the ISMS include:
1) Financial resources;
2) Personnel;
3) Facilities;
4) Technical infrastructure.The needed resources depend upon the organization’s context, like the dimensions, the complexity, and internal and external requirements. The management review should provide information that indicates whether the resources are adequate for the organization;
d) Top management should communicate the necessity for information security management within the organization and therefore the got to conform to ISMS requirements. this will be done by giving practical examples that illustrate what the particular need is within the context of the organization and by communicating information security requirements;
e) Top management should make sure that the ISMS achieves its intended outcome(s) by supporting the implementation of all information security management processes, and especially through requesting and reviewing reports on the status and effectiveness of the ISMS . Such reports are often derived from measurements, management reviews and audit reports. Top management also can set performance objectives for key personnel involved the ISMS;
f) Top management should direct and support persons within the organization directly involved information security and therefore the ISMS. Failing to try to this will have a negative impact on the effectiveness of the ISMS. Feedback from top management can include how planned activities are aligned to the strategic needs for the organization and also for prioritizing different activities within the ISMS;

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Information security

ISO 27001 Implementation Guideline Clause 4.3

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Determining the scope of the information security management system

Required Activity

The organization determines the boundaries and applicability of the ISMS(information security management system) to determine its scope.

Explanation

The scope of the information security defines where and for what precisely the ISMS is applicable and where and for what it’s not. Establishing the scope is therefore a key activity that determines the required foundation for all other activities within the implementation of the ISMS. as an example , risk assessment and risk treatment, including the determination of controls, won’t produce valid results without having a particular understanding of where precisely the ISMS is applicable. Precise knowledge of the boundaries and applicability of the ISMS and therefore the interfaces and dependencies between the organization and other organizations is critical as well. Any later modifications of the scope may result in considerable additional effort and costs.

The following factors can affect the determination of the scope:

a) The external and internal issues described in Understanding the organization and its context;
b) The interested parties and their requirements that are determined consistent with ISO/IEC 27001:2013¸4.2;
c) The readiness of the business activities to be included as a part of ISMS coverage;
d) All support functions, i.e. functions that are necessary to support these business activities (e.g. Human resources management; IT services and software applications; facility management of Buildings, physical zones, essential services and utilities);
e) All functions that is outsourced either to other parts within the organization or to independent suppliers.

The scope of an ISMS are often very different from one implementation to a different . as an example , the scope can include:

— One or more specific processes;

— One or more specific functions;

— One or more specific services;

— One or more specific sections or locations;

— A whole legal entity;

— A whole administrative entity and one or more of its suppliers.

To establish the scope of ISMS, multi-step approaches are often followed:
a) Determine the preliminary scope: this activity should be conducted by a little , but representative group of management representatives;
b) Determine the refined scope: the functional units within and out of doors the preliminary scope should be reviewed, possibly followed by inclusion or exclusion of a number of these functional units to scale back the amount of interfaces along the boundaries. When refining the preliminary scope, all support functions should be considered that are necessary to support the business activities included in the scope;
c) Determine the ultimate scope: the refined scope should be evaluated by all management within the refined scope. If necessary, it should be adjusted then precisely described;
d) Approval of the scope: the documented information describing the scope should be formally approved by top management.

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Information security

ISO 27001 Clause 4.2 & 4.4 Implementation Guideline

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Clause 4.2 Understanding the needs and expectations of interested parties

Required activity
The organization determines interested parties relevant to the ISMS and their requirements relevant to information security.

Explanation
Interested party may be a defined term that refers to persons or organizations which will affect, be suffering from , or perceive themselves to be suffering from a choice or activity of the organization. Interested parties are often found both outside and inside the organization and may have specific needs, expectations and requirements for the organization’s information security.

External interested parties can include:
a) Regulators and legislators;
b) Shareholders including owners and investors;
c) Suppliers including subcontractors, consultants, and outsourcing partners;
d) Industry associations;
e) Competitors;
f) Customers and consumers;
g) Activist groups.

Internal interested parties can include:
a) Decision makers including top management;
b) Process owners, system owners, and knowledge owners;
c) Support functions like IT or Human Resources;
d) Employees and users;
e) Information security professionals.

Implementation Guidance

The following steps should be taken:
— identify external interested parties;
— identify internal interested parties;
— identify requirements of interested parties.
As the needs, expectations and requirement of interested parties change over time, these changes and their influence on the scope, constraints and requirements of the ISMS should be reviewed regularly.
Documented information on this activity and its outcome is mandatory only within the form and to the extent the organization determines as necessary for the effectiveness of its management system .

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Information security

Understanding the organization and its context

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Required activity

The organization determines external and internal issues relevant to its purpose and affecting its ability to realize the intended outcome(s) of the knowledge security management system (ISMS).

Explanation
As an integral function of the ISMS, the organization continually analyses itself and therefore the world surrounding it. This analysis cares with external and internal issues that in how affect information security and the way information security are often managed, which are relevant to the organization’s objectives.

Analysis of those issues has three purposes:
— Understanding the context so as to make a decision the scope of the ISMS;
— Analyzing the context so as to work out risks and opportunities;
— Ensuring that the ISMS is tailored to changing external and internal issues.
External issues are those outside of the organization’s control. this is often mentioned because the organization’s environment.

Analyzing this environment can include the subsequent aspects:
a) Social and cultural;
b) Political, legal, normative and regulatory;
c) Financial and macroeconomic;
d) Technological;
e) Natural;
f) Competitive.
These aspects of the organization’s environment continually present issues that affect information security and the way information security are often managed. The relevant external issues depend upon the organization’s specific priorities and situation.

For example, external issues for a selected organization can include:
a) The legal implications of using an outsourced IT service (legal aspect);
b) Characteristics of the character in terms of possibility of disasters like fire, flood and earthquakes (natural aspect);
c) Technical advances of hacking tools and use of cryptography (technological aspect); and
d) The overall demand for the organization’s services (social, cultural or financial aspects).
e) Internal issues are subject to the organization’s control.

Analyzing the interior issues can include the following aspects:
a) The organization’s culture;
b) Policies, objectives, and therefore the strategies to realize them;
c) Governance, organizational structure, roles and responsibilities;
d) Standards, guidelines and models adopted by the organization;
e) Contractual relationships which will directly affect the organization’s processes included within the scope of the ISMS;
f) Processes and procedures;
g) The capabilities, in terms of resources and knowledge (e.g. capital, time, persons, processes, systems and technologies);
h) Physical infrastructure and environment;
i) Information systems, information flows and deciding processes (both formal and informal);
j) Previous audits and former risk assessment results.

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Information security

Top 9 Challenges IT Leaders Will Face In 2020 Now

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Challenges IT Leaders With 2020 underway, digital transformation remains considerably attention for business leaders — but what about the processes getting used to hit those targets? According to Stephanie Over by at The Enterprise Project, DX preparation is ongoing, but full culture change is on the horizon for 2020.

The gig economy

It’s few secret that both the gig economy and telecommuting are exploding. Thereupon comes the difficulty of data and IP security. While the benefits of distributed teams include flexibility and quick-pivoting, the aforementioned Gartner report warns that “A growing remote workforce, in both a work-from-home and co-work-space model will unintentionally expose the organization to vulnerabilities in data privacy and therefore the security of tip .”  Another gig economy concern?  Finding the proper talent.

Data privacy

The specific requirements of the GDPR and therefore the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) got to be addressed by various segments within organizations, at the danger of stiff penalties. Innovative vendors will continue performing on unique solutions and features to satisfy these needs. If you want to know in detail join our GDPR & PDP Training.

Security

According to Jake Olcott, vice chairman of security ratings for Bit Sight, “Zero-day vulnerabilities receive the foremost attention from the media, but in 2020, hackers won’t bother with these highly publicized attacks.” Instead, simple strategies are going to be at work, like gaining access to a network through a vendor. Another concern is that the rise on ransomware, with some experts suggesting organizations will need to create a new role entirely, dedicated to combating this new cyber security threat.

Skills gap

According to John Ferron, CEO at Resolve Systems, the talents gap in it’ll cause organizations to seem to automation for solutions. “As we look to 2020, IT teams should expect to see increasing specialise in intelligent automation and AIOps to assist them truly do more with less by automating repetitive tasks and processes and enabling each IT leaders to manage increasingly more infrastructure on a per-person basis.”

Culture Change

More important than a reliance on technology, with reference to digital transformation? A change of mindset within the organization. “In the coming year, business leaders will got to understand that the digital transformation doesn’t end but instead becomes a part of how business leaders solve challenges,” says Geoff Web, vice chairman of strategy at software company PROS.

New security threats

Headline-grabbing recent events may spark surprising new security threats, says Rick Grinnell, founder and managing partner of Glasswing Ventures.
“The government shutdown helped contribute to an excellent cyber threat to the U.S. government, critical infrastructure and other public and personal organizations,” Grinnell says. “With the shutdown, many of the safety professionals watching for threats at a national level weren’t on duty, creating a much bigger hole for attackers. Time will tell if a month of lowered defenses will have deeper repercussions in 2019 and beyond.”

Multi-cloud security

When exploring new cloud-based services, CIOs now got to ask about security across multiple platforms, says Laurent Gil, security product strategy architect at Oracle Cloud Infrastructure.
“Traditionally, multi-cloud leads the enterprise to manage many various , often incompatible and inconsistent security systems,” Gil says. “We think that selecting cross-cloud, cloud-agnostic security platforms is now fundamental in ensuring consistency, and most significantly completeness of securing enterprise-wide assets no matter where these assets live .”

Innovation and digital transformation

According to Gartner data, about two-thirds of business leaders think their companies got to speed up their digital transformation or face losing ground to competitors.
Most companies will continue on an equivalent path until they’re forced to do otherwise, says Merrick Olives, managing partner at cloud consulting company Candid Partners.
“Tying IT spend to strategic business capabilities and answering the question ‘How will this make us more competitive?’ is important ,” Olives says. “Value stream-based funding models as against project-based funding are getting more and simpler at tying board-level objectives to budgetary influences. the value structures and process efficiencies of legacy vs. a nimble digital capability are much different — nimble is less expensive and far more efficient.”

Finding new revenue streams

Ian Murray, vice chairman of telecom expense management software firm Tangoe, says that while the business landscape is ever evolving, the essential premise of creating a profit is that the same.
“The process to finding and exploiting revenue opportunities hasn’t fundamentally changed find a problem that we will solve that’s common, prevalent which people can pay to solve,” Murray says.
What has changed is that the emphasis on direct revenue generation landing within the CIO’s lap, says Mike Fuhrman, chief product officer of hybrid IT infrastructure provider Peak 10 + ViaWest.
“Maybe I’m old school, but I don’t think the CIO should be worried about directly generating revenue,” Fuhrman says. “I’m beginning to see this pop up more and more among my peers. to remain relevant as a CIO, many are working to try and productize themselves.

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Information security

10 Secrets You Will Never Know About Cyber Security And Its Important

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Know about Cyber Security Whether you’re a techie or not, there’s a good chance that your life is very reliant on the net and its wonders. Your social media accounts are likely humming, and you recognize your way round the IOT devices you employ . All of those devices connect you to the cyber world in a method or another. Here are 12 things to understand about cyber security. And once you are sharing such a lot of your data online daily, you may also care about your cyber security. 

If you’ve always thought cyber security are a few things only big companies got to care about change your mind, now. Cyber security is as critical on a private level, because it is on a company’s level. Besides, there’s hardly any job or profession, that’s not supported technology. With jobs or a career in mind, you need to understand what threatens your security online and what you’ll be able to do to stay your data secure.

1  You’re a target to hackers

Don’t ever say “It won’t happen to me”. We are all in danger and also the stakes are high – to your personal and financial well being, and to the University’s standing and reputation.

  • Keeping campus computing resources secure is everyone’s responsibility.
  • By following the guidelines below and remaining vigilant, you’re doing all your part to shield yourself and others.

2  Keep software up so far

Installing software updates for your OS and programs is critical.
Always install the newest security updates for your devices:

  • Turn on Automatic Updates for your OS.
  • Use web browsers like Chrome or Firefox that receive frequent, automatic security updates.
  • Make absolute to keep browser plug-ins (Flash, Java, etc.) up so far .
  • Utilize Secunia PSI (free) to seek out other software on your computer that must be updated.

3  Avoid Phishing scams – watch out for suspicious emails and phone calls

Phishing scams are a continuing threat using various social engineering ploys, cyber-criminals will plan to trick you into divulging personal information like your login ID and password, banking or mastercard information.

  • Phishing scams are often administered by phone, text, or through social networking sites but most ordinarily by email.
  • Be suspicious of any official looking email message or call that asks for private or financial information.

Check out our Phishing Resources section for details about identifying phishing scams and protecting yourself.

4  Practice good password management

We all have too many passwords to manage and it is easy to require short-cuts, like reusing an equivalent password. A password management program(link is external) can assist you to take care of strong unique passwords for all of your accounts. These programs can generate strong passwords for you, enter credentials automatically, and remind you to update your passwords periodically.

There are several online password management services that provide free versions, and KeePass(link is external) may be a free application for Mac and Windows.
Here are some general password tips to stay in mind:– Use long passwords 20 characters or more is usually recommended.
– Use a powerful mixture of characters, and never use an equivalent password for multiple sites.
– Don’t share your passwords and do not write them down (especially not on a post-it note attached to your monitor).
– Update your passwords periodically, a minimum of once every 6 months (90 days is better).
– The Protecting Your Credentials how-to article contains detailed recommendations for keeping your password safe.

“Cyber Crime is the way to jail Cyber Security is the way to avail”

– Ansh Singhal

5  Take care what you click

Avoid visiting unknown websites or downloading software from untrusted sources. These sites often host malware which will automatically, and sometimes silently, compromise your computer. If attachments or links within the email are unexpected or suspicious for any reason, don’t click thereon . ISO recommends using Click-to-Play or No Script(link is external), browser add-on features that prevent the automated download of plug-in content (e.g., Java, Flash) and scripts which will harbor malicious code.

6  Never leave devices unattended

The physical security of your devices is simply as important as their technical security.

  • If you wish to go away your laptop, phone, or tablet for any length of your time lock it up so nobody else can use it.
  • If you retain sensitive information on a flash drive or external drive, confirm to stay these locked also .
  • For desktop computers, shut-down the system when not in use or lock your screen.

7  Protect sensitive data

Be aware of sensitive data that you simply inherit contact with, and associated restrictions review the UCB Data Classification Standard to grasp data protection level requirements.
In general:

  • Keep sensitive data (e.g., SSN’s, mastercard information, student records, health information, etc.) off of your workstation, laptop, or mobile devices.
  • Securely remove sensitive data files from your system once they are not any longer needed.
  • Always use encryption when storing or transmitting sensitive data.

Unsure of the way to store or handle sensitive data? Contact us and ask!


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Information security

Web Server Concept

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Concept Web server hacking, first you should understand web server concepts like what a internet server is, how it functions, and therefore the other elements associated with it.This section gives a quick overview of the online server and its architecture. it’ll &so explain common reasons or mistakes made that allow attackers to hack an internet server successfully. This section also describes the impact of attacks on the online server.

Web Server OperationsA Concept web server may be a computing system that stores, processes, and delivers sites to the global clients via HTTP protocol. generally , a client initiates the communication process through HTTP requests. When a client wants to access any resource like sites , photos, videos, and so on, then the client’s browser generates an HTTP request to the online server, depending on the request, the online server collects the requested information/content from the data storage or from the appliance servers and responds to the client’s request with an appropriate HTTP response. If an internet server cannot find the requested information, then it generates a mistake message.

Components of a Web Server

A web server consists of the following components: Document Root

Document root is one of the web server’s root file directories that stores critical HTivl files related to the web pages of a domain name that will serve in response to the requests.

  • Server Root

It is the top-level root directory under the directory tree during which the server’s configuration and error, executable, and log files are stored. It consists of the code that implements the server. The server root, generally , consists of 4 files where one file is dedicated to the code that implements the server and other three are subdirectories, namely, -conf, -logs, and -cgi-bin used for configuration information, store logs, and executables, respectively.

  • Virtual Document Tree

Virtual document tree provides storage on a different machine or a disk after the original disk is filled-up. It is case sensitive and can be used to provide object-level security.

  • Virtual Hosting

It is a technique of hosting multiple domains or websites on the same server. This allows sharing of resources between various servers. It is employed in large-scale companies where the company resources are intended to be accessed and managed globally.Following are the types of virtual hosting:– Name-based hosting– IP-based hosting– Port-based hosting

  • Web Proxy

A proxy server sits in between the web client and web server, Due to the placement of web proxies, all the requests from the clients will be passed on to the web server through the web proxies. They are used to prevent IP blocking and maintain anonymity.

Open-source Web Server Architecture

Concept Open-source web server architecture typically uses Linux, Apache, My SQL, and PHP (LAMP) as principal components.
Following are the functions of principal components in open source web server architecture:
• Linux is that the server’s OS that provides secure platform for the online server
• Apache is that the web server component that handles each HTTP request and response
• MySQL may be a relational database wont to store the online server’s content and configuration information
• PHP is that the application layer technology wont to generate dynamic web page

IIS Web Server Architecture

Internet information Service (IIS) may be a web server application developed by Microsoft for Windows. IIS for Windows Server may be a flexible, secure, and easy-to-manage web server for hosting anything on the online . It supports HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, FTPS, SMTP, and NNTP.
It has several components, including a protocol listener like HTTP.sys and services like World Wide Web Publishing Service (WWW Service) and Windows Process Activation Service WAS). Each component functions in application and web server roles. These functions may include listening to requests, managing processes, reading configuration files, and so on.

Web Server Security Issue

A Concept web server may be a hardware/software application that hosts websites and makes them accessible over the web . an internet server, along side a browser, successfully implements client-server model architecture during which the online server plays the server part within the model and therefore the browser acts because the client. To host websites, an internet server actually stores various sites of the websites and delivers the particular website upon request. Each web server has a domain name and therefore the IP address related to that name . an internet server can host quite one website. Any computer can act as an internet server if it’s specific server software (a web server program) installed in it and is connected to the web .
Concept Web servers are chosen based on their capability to handle server-side programming, security characteristics, publishing, program , and site-building tools. Apache, Microsoft IIS Nginx, Google, and Tomcat are some of the most widely used concept web servers. An attacker usually targets vulnerability that exists within the software component and configuration errors to compromise web servers.
Organizations can defend most network level and OS-level attacks by using network security measures like firewalls, IDS, IPS, then on and by following security standards and guidelines. This forces attackers to turn their attention to perform web server and web application-level attacks as web server hosting web applications is accessible from anywhere over the internet.

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